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http://www.thinkjam.org/zoptuno/archives/2006/04/htaccess.html

Apache服务器的.htaccess是一个非常强大的分布式配置文件，学会使用.htaccess，对虚拟主机用户来说，可以实现众多的功能。这里有一篇很容易让人理解的.htaccess介绍，作为入门文章非常的适合。文章最初来自freewebmasterhelp.com，QiRan作了简单的中文翻译，我将加以完善。

Part 1 – Introduction介绍
Part 2 - .htaccess Commande命令
Part 3 - Password protection密码保护
Part 1 – Introduction介绍

Introduction 介绍

In this tutorial you will find out about the .htaccess file and the power it has to improve your website. Although .htaccess is only a file, it can change settings on the servers and allow you to do many different things, the most popular being able to have your own custom 404 error pages. .htaccess isn't difficult to use and is really just made up of a few simple instructions in a text file.
从本指南中，你将可以学习到有关.htaccess文件及其功能的知识，并用以优化你的网站。尽管.htaccess只是一个文件，但它可以更改服务器的设置，允许你做许多不同的事情，最流行的功能是您可以创建自定义的“404 error”页面。.htaccess 并不难于使用，归根结底，它只是在一个text文档中添加几条简单的指令而已。

Will My Host Support It? 我的主机支持它吗？

This is probably the hardest question to give a simple answer to. Many hosts support .htaccess but don't actually publicise it and many other hosts have the capability but do not allow their users to have a .htaccess file. As a general rule, if your server runs Unix or Linux, or any version of the Apache web server it will support .htaccess, although your host may not allow you to use it.
这可能很难用简单的答案来回答。许多主机支持.htaccess，但实际上并不会特别声明，许多其他类型的主机有能力但并不允许他们的用户使用.htaccess。一般来说，如果你的主机使用Unix或Linux系统，或任何版本的Apache网络服务器，从理论上都是支持.htaccess的，尽管你的主机服务商可能不允许你使用它。

A good sign of whether your host allows .htaccess files is if they support password protection of folders. To do this they will need to offer .htaccess (although in a few cases they will offer password protection but not let you use .htaccess). The best thing to do if you are unsure is to either upload your own .htaccess file and see if it works or e-mail your web host and ask them.
判断你的主机是否允许.htaccess，一个标志很好的是它是否支持文件夹密码保护。为达到此功能，主机服务商需要使用.htaccess（当然，少数情况下他们虽提供密码保护功能，但却并不允许你使用.htaccess）。如果你不确定自己的主机是否支持.htaccess，最好的办法是上传你自己的.htaccess文件看看是否有用，或者直接发送e-mail向你的主机服务商咨询。

What Can I Do? 我该怎么做？

You may be wondering what .htaccess can do, or you may have read about some of its uses but don't realise how many things you can actually do with it.
你可能疑惑.htaccess到底能做些什么，或者你可能曾知道它的一些功能但并不真正了解你实际到底可以用它来做多少事情。

There is a huge range of things .htaccess can do including: password protecting folders, redirecting users automatically, custom error pages, changing your file extensions, banning users with certian IP addresses, only allowing users with certain IP addresses, stopping directory listings and using a different file as the index file.
.htaccess可以做大量的事情，包括：文件夹密码保护、用户自动重定向、自定义错误页面、改变你的文件扩展名、封禁特定IP地址的用户、只允许特定IP地址的用户、禁止目录列表，以及使用其他文件作为index文件。

Creating A .htaccess File 创建一个.htaccess文档

Creating a .htaccess file may cause you a few problems. Writing the file is easy, you just need enter the appropriate code into a text editor (like notepad). You may run into problems with saving the file. Because .htaccess is a strange file name (the file actually has no name but a 8 letter file extension) it may not be accepted on certain systems (e.g. Windows 3.1). With most operating systems, though, all you need to do is to save the file by entering the name as:
创建.htaccess文件也许会给你带来一些困难。写文件很容易，你只需要在文字编缉器（例如：写字板）里写下适当的代码。真正困难的可能是文件的保存，因为.htaccess是一个古怪的文件名（它事实上没有文件名，只有一个由8个字母组成的扩展名），而在一些系统（如windows 3.1）中无法接受这样的文件名。在大多数的操作系统中，你需要做的是将文档保存成名为：

".htaccess"(including the quotes). If this doesn't work, you will need to name it something else (e.g. htaccess.txt) and then upload it to the server. Once you have uploaded the file you can then rename it using an FTP program.
（包括引号）。如果这也不行，你需要将其先命名为其它名字（例如htaccess.txt），再将其上传到服务器上，之后直接使用FTP软件来重命名。

Warning 警告

Before beginning using .htaccess, I should give you one warning. Although using .htaccess on your server is extremely unlikely to cause you any problems (if something is wrong it simply won't work), you should be wary if you are using the Microsoft FrontPage Extensions. The FrontPage extensions use the .htaccess file so you should not really edit it to add your own information. If you do want to (this is not recommended, but possible) you should download the .htaccess file from your server first (if it exists) and then add your code to the beginning.
在使用.htaccess之前，我必须给你一些警告。虽然在服务器上使用.htaccess绝对不太可能给你带来任何麻烦（如果有些东西错了，它只是没效用罢了），但如果你使用Microsoft FrontPage Extensions，就必须特别小心。因为FrontPage Extensions本身使用了.htaccess，因此你不能编辑它并加入你自己的信息。如果确实有这方面的需要（并不推荐，但是可能），你应该先从服务器上下载.htaccess文档（如果存在），之后在前面加上你的代码。

Custom Error Pages 自定义错误页

The first use of the .htaccess file which I will cover is custom error pages. These will allow you to have your own, personal error pages (for example when a file is not found) instead of using your host's error pages or having no page. This will make your site seem much more professional in the unlikely event of an error. It will also allow you to create scripts to notify you if there is an error (for example I use a PHP script on Free Webmaster Help to automatically e-mail me when a page is not found).
我要介绍的.htaccess的第一个应用是自定义错误页面，这将使你可以拥有自己的、个性化的错误页面（例如找不到文件时），而不是你的服务商提供的错误页或没有任何页面。这会让你的网站在出错的时候看上去更专业。你还可以利用脚本程序在发生错误的时候通知你（例如我使用Free Webmaster Help的PHP脚本程序，当找不到页面的时候自动e-mail给我）。

You can use custom error pages for any error as long as you know its number (like 404 for page not found) by adding the following to your .htaccess file:
你所知道的任何页面错误代码（像404找不到页面），都可以通过在.htaccess文件里加入下面的文字将其变成自定义页面：

For example if I had the file notfound.html in the root direct
ory of my site and I wanted to use it for a 404 error I would use:
举例来说，如果我的根目录下有一个nofound.html文件，我想使用它作为404 error的页面：


If the file is not in the root directory of your site, you just need to put the path to it:
如果文件不在网站的根目录下，你只需要把路径设置为：


These are some of the most common errors:
以下是一些最常用的错误：


Then, all you need to do is to create a file to display when the error happens and upload it and the .htaccess file.
接下来，你要做的只是创建一个错误发生时显示的文件，然后把它们和.htaccess一起上传。

Part 3 – 密码保护

Introduction 介绍

Although there are many uses of the .htaccess file, by far the most popular, and probably most useful, is being able to relaibly password protect directories on websites. Although JavaScript etc. can also be used to do this, only .htaccess has total security (as someone must know the password to get into the directory, there are no 'back doors')
尽管有各种各样的.htaccess用法，但至今最流行的也可能是最有用的做法是将其用于网站目录可靠的密码保护。尽管JavaScrip等也能做到，但只有.htaccess具有完美的安全性（即访问者必须知晓密码才可以访问目录，并且绝无“后门”可走）。

The .htaccess File 密码保护的.htaccess文件

Adding password protection to a directory using .htaccess takes two stages. The first part is to add the appropriate lines to your .htaccess file in the directory you would like to protect. Everything below this directory will be password protected:
利用.htaccess将一个目录加上密码保护分两个步骤。第一步是在你的.htaccess文档里加上适当的几行代码，再将.htaccess文档放进你要保护的目录下：


There are a few parts of this which you will need to change for your site. You should replace "Section Name" with the name of the part of the site you are protecting e.g. "Members Area".
你可能需要根据你的网站情况修改一下上述内容中的一些部分，如用被保护部分的名字"Members Area"，替换掉“Section Name”。

The /full/parth/to/.htpasswd should be changed to reflect the full server path to the .htpasswd file (more on this later). If you do not know what the full path to your webspace is, contact your system administrator for details.
/full/parth/to/.htpasswd则应该替换为指向.htpasswd文件（后面详述该文档）的完整服务器路径。如果你不知道你网站空间的完整路径，请询问一下你的系统管理员。

The .htpasswd File 密码保护的.htpasswd文件

Password protecting a directory takes a little more work than any of the other .htaccess functions because you must also create a file to contain the usernames and passwords which are allowed to access the site. These should be placed in a file which (by default) should be called .htpasswd. Like the .htaccess file, this is a file with no name and an 8 letter extension. This can be placed anywhere within you website (as the passwords are encrypted) but it is advisable to store it outside the web root so that it is impossible to access it from the web.
目录的密码保护比.htaccess的其他功能要麻烦些，因为你必须同时创建一个包含用户名和密码的文档，用于访问你的网站，相关信息（默认）位于一个名为.htpasswd的文档里。像.htaccess一样，.htpasswd也是一个没有文件名且具有8位扩展名的文档，可以放置在你网站里的任何地方（此时密码应加密），但建议你将其保存在网站Web根目录外，这样通过网络就无法访问到它了。

Entering Usernames And Passwords 输入用户名和密码

Once you have created your .htpasswd file (you can do this in a standard text editor) you must enter the usernames and passwords to access the site. They should be entered as follows:
创建好.htpasswd文档后（可以通过文字编辑器创建），下一步是输入用于访问网站的用户名和密码，应为：


where the password is the encrypted format of the password. To encrypt the password you will either need to use one of the premade scripts available on the web or write your own. There is a good username/password service at the KxS site which will allow you to enter the user name and password and will output it in the correct format.
“password”的位置应该是加密过的密码。你可以通过几种方法来得到加密过的密码：一是使用一个网上提供的permade脚本或自己写一个；另一个很不错的username/password加密服务是通过KxS网站，这里允许你输入用户名及密码，然后生成正确格式的密码。

For multiple users, just add extra lines to your .htpasswd file in the same format as the first. There are even scripts available for free which will manage the .htpasswd file and will allow automatic adding/removing of users etc.
对于多用户，你只需要在.htpasswd文档中新增同样格式的一行即可。另外还有一些免费的脚本程序可以方便地管理.htpasswd文档，可以自动新增/移除用户等。

Accessing The Site 访问网站

When you try to access a site which has been protected by .htaccess your browser will pop up a standard username/password dialog box. If you don't like this, there are certain scripts available which allow you to embed a username/password box in a website to do the authentication. You can also send the username and password (unencrypted) in the URL as follows:
当你试图访问被.htaccess密码保护的目录时，你的浏览器会弹出标准的username/password对话窗口。如果你不喜欢这种方式，有些脚本程序可以允许你在页面内嵌入username/password输入框来进行认证，你也可以在浏览器的URL框内以以下方式输入用户名和密码（未加密的）：